Masiakasaurus: Beast of the Week

This week we shall be looking at an awesome little dinosaur with teeth unlike any other!  Check out Masiakasaurus knopfleri!  Masiakasaurus was a meat-eating dinosaur that lived in what is now Madagascar during the late Cretaceous period, about 70 million years ago.  From snout to tail an adult would have measured between six and seven feet (2m) long.  The genus name, Masiakasaurus, translates to "Vicious lizard/reptile" and the species name, knopfleri, is in honor of singer/songwriter/guitarist, Mark Knopfler, who's music the paleontologists who found this dinosaur's fossils were listening to during their time in the field.

Life reconstruction in watercolors of Masiakasaurus by Christopher DiPiazza.

Masiakasaurus belonged to the family of dinosaurs called noasauridae.  They are a branch of the broader group of theropods, called ceratosaurs, which also includes the larger, more well known, Ceratosaurus and Carnotaurus, to name just a few.  Noasaurids, specifically were much smaller and more gracile than their relatives, with proportionally small heads and long legs.

The most prominent feature about Masiakasaurus, is its teeth.  Unlike the teeth of most theropods, which angle perpendicular to the jaw, the teeth of Masiakasaurus were angled forward in he front of the mouth.  This striking appearance was what earned its name as "vicious".  Despite its appearance, however, was Masiakasaurus was probably only truly vicious towards much smaller animals.  Its tooth arrangement may have been an adaptation for grasping small, fast moving prey, like a moveable cage.  The environment Masiakasaurus lived in did have many prey animals in it at the time, thanks to a great fossil record from Cretaceous Madagascar, including frogs, mammals, small crocodilians, and even small birdlike dinosaurs.  Another idea that some people have proposed is that Masiakasaurus was a fisher.  In fact, we see similar, unrelated examples of teeth like this in many fish-hunting marine reptiles, like Plesiosaurus.  The teeth in the back of Masiakasaurus' mouth were more similar to those of other theropods, and would have been for cutting food to be swallowed. 

Masiakasaurus skull, featuring the unique teeth and jaws.  CLEARLY it lived during a time before orthodontists.

In addition to its teeth, some other notable features about Masiakasaurus would be its neck, which was long and actually not very flexible, which is not the norm compared to other kinds of long-necked theropods.  Its hands each had four fingers, but only the first three digits on each had claws.

Masiakasaurus skeleton on display at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada.

Masiakasaurus is a great find by paleontology standards because it is known from more than one specimen, so almost all of its anatomy is known.  Another interesting thing about Masiakasaurus, is that paleontologists were able to study what they think was its growth pattern based on individual specimens of different sizes that have been found.  Based on what the pool of specimens available to work with and by closely examining the kind of bones Masiakasaurus had compared to those of other dinosaurs, it is hypothesized that Masiakasaurus was actually a relatively slow-grower, and would have attained adult size by the time it was about eight years old.  This is indeed pretty slow compared to other non-avian dinosaurs that have been studied in the same way and even modern animals that are related to it, like birds, which reach adulthood, in general, much more rapidly.  (Anyone who has ever raised a baby chick knows exactly what I'm talking about.  Seriously, one minute they are fluffy yellow peeps... blink once and BAM...adult chicken.)

That is all for this week!  As always feel free to comment below or on our facebook page!

References

Carrano, M.T.; Sampson, S.D.; Forster, C.A. (2002). "The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 510–534.

Carrano, M.T.; Loewen, M.A.; Sertic, J.J.W. (2011). "New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001, and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria)". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 95: 53pp.

Andrew H. Lee & Patrick M. O’Connor (2013) Bone histology confirms determinate growth and small body size in the noasaurid theropod Masiakasaurus knopfleri. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33(4): 865-876.

Sinosaurus: Beast of the Week

This week we will be looking at one of the first large predatory dinosaurs.  Make way for Sinosaurus triassicus!

Sinosaurus triassicus life reconstruction in watercolors by Christopher DiPiazza

Sinosaurus was a meat-eating dinosaur that lived in what is now Southwest China during the early Jurassic period, between 201 and 196 million years ago.  From snout to tail it measured 18 feet (5.5 meters) long. It's genus name translates to "Chinese Lizard/Reptile" and the species name is in reference to the Triassic period which is when it was first believed to have lived upon its discovery. (We now know it was in the Jurassic.)

Sinosaurus is a dinosaur that underwent a few identity changes as paleontologists discovered more fossils and learned more about it over the years.  Most prominently it was believed to be an Asian species of the more popular North American theropod, Dilophosaurus, and was originally named Dilophosaurus sinensis.  This makes sense at first since both of these dinosaurs are known for having two bony crests on the top of their snouts.  They both also even have a similar notch towards the front of their upper jaws.  However, as more material from Sinosaurus was unearthed over the years, it was determined that it was more closely related to later kinds of theropods, called the tetanurans, and therefore was given its own genus name, Sinosaurus.  Tetanurans are a broad group of theropods characterized by how their tails were stiffened in life thanks to how their tail vertebrae interlock together.  Tetanurans are also all more closely related to birds than to other dinosaurs, including other kinds of theropods.  According to this updated idea, Sinosaurus was particularly closely related to another crested theropod from the early Jurassic, Cryolophosaurus.  

Sinosaurus skeletal mount on display at the Maryland Science Center in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Sinosaurus had curved serrated teeth that would have been ideal for slicing through and stripping off chunks of meat from bodies.  The upper jaw notch towards the front of its snout may have been an adaptation for hooking into and ripping through the skin of other dinosaurs to get into the meat inside, similar to the hooked beaks of modern carnivorous birds, like hawks, eagles, and vultures.  Sinosaurus is probably most known for its bony crests which adorned the top of its skull.  These crests had holes in them, making them lightweight, and may have served as visual display adaptations within the species or even possibly could have helped absorb impact, allowing Sinosaurus to bite harder without injury.

Sinosaurus skull from in Zhang's 2023 paper. (listed below)

Sinosaurus shows evidence of tooth injury in life in the form of what is called alveolar remodeling.  This means that it experienced a broken tooth and the ridge of bone in the jaw that includes the tooth sockets, called the alveolar bone, changed shape in the healing process following the loss of the tooth.  Dinosaurs losing and replacing teeth is common in the fossil record, but this is the only recorded instance of an actual tooth related injury that healed in this way known so far for a dinosaur.  

Sinosaurus lived during a time when predatory dinosaurs were first starting to get truly large.  Prior to this most meat-eating dinosaurs were much smaller and more gracile, like Coelophysis, and even the biggest plant-eaters, like Plateosaurus, weren't that huge compared to what would later evolve.  At 18 feet long, Sinosaurus was likely the top of the food chain in its environments.  

References

Chung-Chien, Young (1940). "Preliminary Notes on the Lufeng Vertebrate Fossils*: Young:-Lufeng Vertebrate Fossils". Bulletin of the Geological Society of China. 20 (3–4): 235–240.

Dong, Z.M. (2003). "Contribution of New Dinosaur Materials from China to Dinosaurology" (PDF). Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum. 2: 123–131.Xing, L.D.; Bell, P.R.; Rothschild, B.M.; Ran, H.; Zhang, J.P.; Dong, Z.M.; 

Rauhut, O.W.M. (2003). "The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 69: 215.

Zhang, W.; Currie, P.J. (2013). "Tooth loss and alveolar remodeling in Sinosaurus triassicus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Jurassic strata of the Lufeng Basin, China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 58 (16): 1931–1935.

Zhang, Z.-C.; Wang, T.; You, H.-L. (2023). "A New Specimen of Sinosaurus triassicus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Lufeng, Yunnan, China". Historical Biology. in press.

The Paleontology Behind Pokemon: Part 3

 It is time for my third installment of Paleontology Behind Pokemon, a post where I delve into the design choices behind pokemon based on dinosaur and other prehistoric animals.  If you have not seen the first two pokemon posts you can check out part one here and pat two here.

Walking Wake

The newest generation of pokemon yielded a few exciting new desings that are clearly based on pokemon.  Possibly the most surprising is the new look of the legendary pokemon, Suicune, called Walking Wake.  Suicune was originally based on a dog or a generalized mammal, but Walking Wake is very clearly based on a theropod dinosaur.  It has a proportionally smaller head, long legs, and short arms with three fingers on each hand.  At first it looks like it could be a dromaeosaur but it doesn't have the signature giant toe claw on each foot and I feel that if a pokemon were to be based on a dromaeosaur that would be the one feature that would be included, if not emphasized.  

Dryptosaurus skeletal mounts on display at the New Jersey State museum.

My realistic assumption is Walking Wake isn't based on any particular taxa or even group of dinosaur beyond theropod, but in my headcannon it is a tyrannosauroid, like Dilong, Moros, or Dryptosaurus.  I named mine "Drypto" for that reason. (plus it's water type and drypto sounds like drip which is a thing water does.)

Frigibax, Arctibax, and Baxcalibur

Walking Wake wasn't the only dinosaur introduced in the newest wave of pokemon.  We also have the evolution line of dragon/ice pokemon, Frigibax, Arctibax, and Baxcalibur.  All three of these pokemon also appear to be based on theropod dinosaurs and all three sport a blade-like fin or ridge on their backs.  At first Spinosaurus seems the most likely source of inspiration, but they lack the long snout of a spinosaur and pokemon is usually pretty good about using up to date looks when they do use specific dinosaurs for references.  I have also read they are based on Concavenator, which also has a more isolated fin-shaped hump on its back.  Part of me can't help but wonder if their names are playing off of dinosaurs, like Altispinax and Becklespinax, both of which also had high ridges on their backs, but are known from much less complete fossil material.  

Concavenator skeleton on display at the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum.

As always it is also always safe to assume these pokemon could be inspired by all or many of the above fossils, resulting in a more generic, but no less cool, design.  I also want to note that Arctibax looks the most like an actual dinosaur, due to its posture, and the fully evolved Baxcalibur looks more like Godzilla than a real dinosaur due to its proportions and more upright posture.

Tropius

Tropius is a pokemon introduced in the third wave of pokemon games.  It is a grass/flying type and is clearly based on a long-necked sauropod dinosaur.  I have also read it is more specifically inspired by the cryptid, Mokele-mbembe, a sauropod dinosaur said to live in the Congo River according to legend.  The grass typing and incorporating banana trees into the design is pretty clever, but the flying typing is just bizarre in my opinion.  A sauropod seems like the least likely animal that would be flying, especially with wings made of leaves!  I also always found it odd how Tropius has no tail.  

Chikorita, Bayleef, and Meganium

Speaking of grass type sauropods, we can't forget Chikorita and its evolutions.  Introduced in the second generation of pokemon as one of the starters, Chikorita's design isn't obvious at first.  But once it evolves, gaining a long neck, it becomes pretty clear this little pokemon is a sauropod. 

Giraffatitan skeleton on display in Berlin.

The final evolution, Meganium is even more obvious.  I can't help but think of them as brachiosaurs, since Meganium has a shorter tail and more upright neck posture.

Great Tusk

Another new pokemon introduced in the latest generation is the ancient form of the second generation pokemon, Donphan, called Great Tusk.  Donphan was based on elephants and Great Tusk appears to be mostly based on Mastodon or Mammoths, based on its tusk shape.   

Mastodon skeleton on display at the Rutgers Geology Museum.

It also looks like actual dinosaur features were incorporated into it as well with its armored back, spikes, and reptile-like tail. 

Breloom

Breloom is a grass/fighting type pokemon that evolves from Shroomish, a literal mushroom.  But Breloom appears to take the mushroom theme and apply it to a dinosaur shape, standing on two digitigrade feet, having short arms, a beak, and a long tail.  

Stegoceras skull.  Breloom's head resembles the flared out and domed skulls of many pachycephalosaurs.

Specifically Breloom looks to be most similar to pachycephalosaurs, with the wide mushroom cap on its head resembling a domed skull.  

Tyranitar

Tyranitar is a pokemon released in the second generation of pokemon.  It is a rock/dark type and has always been one of the most popular pokemon based on its cool design and strength in battle.  Tyranitar is also the first pokemon I've written about here that isn't actually based on anything from paleontology directly but I kept getting requests on social media to include it since I started writing these posts so I figured I'd finally set the record straight here.  At first Tyranitar seems like it would be based on a Tyrannosaurus, but I'm convinced this is based on its name only and little else.  In fact, nothing about its actual design is directly based on any real dinosaurs beyond anything extremely general.  Tyranitar DOES however appear to be directly based on a kaiju (Japanese giant monster traditionally represented by an actor in a costume) from the Ultra Man franchise, named Bemular.  

Bemular, the monster Tyranitar appears to be the most based on.

Habrosaurus: Beast of the Week

 This week we'll be checking out a prehistoric amphibian.  Make way for Habrosaurus!

Habrosaurus was a salamander that lived in what is now Alberta, Wyoming and Montana, during the late Cretaceous period into the early Paleocene (surviving the asteroid that wiped out most of the dinosaurs), from 68 to 58 million years ago.  From snout to tail Habrosaurus is estimated to have been over five feet (1.6 meters) long, making it one of the largest salamanders of all time.  When alive Habrosaurus likely would have likely preyed on smaller aquatic animals, like shrimp and mollusks. (all amphibians are predators at least as adults) The genus name translates to "Graceful Reptile" even though it was and amphibian, not a reptile.

Life reconstructions in watercolors of Habrosaurus dilatus by Christopher DiPiazza.

There are currently two species of Habrosaurus known on the fossil record.  Habrosaurus prodilatus is the older species, lived in what is now Alberta, Canada, and would have shared its habitat with dinosaurs like Styracosaurus, Parasaurolophus, and Gorgosaurus.  Habrosaurus dilatus is the later species and lived in what is now Western United States, and would have shared its home with dinosaurs, like Triceratops, Ankylosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus.

Habrosaurus was a member of the siren (sirenidae) family of salamanders which have numerous species still alive today, all native to the southern United States.  Sirens are characterized by having extremely long, eel-like bodies, front limbs only (no back legs), gills, and live their entire lives in freshwater but can also burrow into the mud if they need to.  Unlike many amphibians, sirens do not undergo metamorphosis, but rather stay fully aquatic their entire lives, simply growing larger as they age.  

Teeth and jaw fragments from Habrosaurus dilatus from Gardner's 2003

 paper linked below.

Fossils of Habrosaurus dilatus' teeth indicate that it specialized in eating hard-shelled prey, like snails and shrimp.  Both species also may have been preying on fish and other animals small enough to fit in their mouths if they wandered too close.  Living sirens are some of the few kinds of amphibians known to actually be omnivores as adults, supplementing their mostly meat diet with water plants, as well.  There is no way to know if Habrosaurus may have eaten some plants as well when it was alive.  iLike living sirens, Habrosaurus likely spent its time on the muddy bottom of swamps and other bodies of fresh water, where it relied on secrecy to ambush prey.  I wonder how many unsuspecting large dinosaurs were bitten on the nose by an angry Habrosaurus, as they tried to take a drink?

That's all for this week!  Leave a comment below!

References

Gardner, James D. (November 2003). "Revision of Habrosaurus Gilmore (Caudata; Sirenidae) and relationships among sirenid salamanders". Palaeontology. 46 (6): 1089–1122.

Hill, R. L., Mendelson, J. R. & Stabile, J. L. 2015. Direct observation and review of herbivory in Sirenidae (Amphibia: Caudata). Southeastern Naturalist 14, N5-N9.

K. Roelants, D.J. Gower, M. Wilkinson, S.P. Loader, S.D. Biju, K. Guillaume, L. Moriau, F. Bossuyt (2007) Global pattern of diversification in the history of modern amphibians. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 887-892

Coelophysis: Beast of the Week

This week we will be taking a look at another very well-studied dinosaur.  Check out Coelophyis bauri!  Coelophysis was a relatively small, meat-eating dinosaur that lived during the late Triassic period, about 200 million years ago, in what is now the Western United States.  Fully grown, adults measured about ten feet long from snout to tail.  Coelophysis bones are mostly known from New Mexico (where it is the official state fossil), but evidence of this dinosaur has been found as far as the east coast, as well, in the form of tracks.  The genus name, Coelophysis, translates to "Hollow Form" in reference to the dinosaur's hollow bones, a trait actually common to many dinosaurs, not just Coelophysis.  When alive Coelophysis would have coexisted with creatures like crocodilian relatives, Typothorax, Shuvosaurus, and Postosuchus.

Group of Coelophysis bauri of varying ages gathering in a dried river bed.  Fossils suggest large groups of Coelophysis died at about the same time relatively quickly due to harsh environments.  Watercolor reconstruction by Christopher DiPiazza.

Coelophysis lived during a time in history when dinosaurs were obviously around, but had not become as diverse and large as most people know them to be just yet.  During the Triassic, the biggest, most formidable animals were actually other kinds of archosaurs like pseudosuchians (group that includes modern crocodilians) like Typothorax, Postosuchus, and Shuvosaurus, as well as the crocodile-looking-but-not-really-close-to-crocodiles, the phytosaurs, like Rutiodon.  In fact, actual dinosaurs were somewhat of a rarity during the Triassic. If you would like the full story on how reptiles were evolving and going extinct during this time, please go read my post about my work in New Mexico excavating the fossils of these creatures.  It was a fascinating time in earth's history.

This is a fossil I found that has been split right down the middle, showcasing how hollow it is.  It is most likely from a Coelophysis. 

Coelophysis likely specialized in hunting small prey by using speed and agility.  It was very lightly built, most of its ten-foot length consisting of its neck and tail, and would have been able to run quickly on its hind legs, which were slender, but strong.  It had a long, narrow snout with a slight notch at the tip of the upper jaw, which could have helped it hold on to struggling prey.  Inside the mouth were many small, serrated teeth, for slicing meat.  Originally it was believed that Coelophysis was cannibalistic, since one specimen in New Mexico was discovered with what looked like baby Coelophysis bones inside where its stomach used to be.  Under further inspection, however, it was decided that these bones were in fact belonging to one of the small species of land crocodilians that would have been common back then.  However, small broken bones and teeth that were confirmed to be from baby Coelophysis were found in the stomach cavities and around the mouths of other adult specimens, showing that cannibalism of smaller individuals still was probably taking place.  In turn, Coelophysis would have needed to be weary of becoming prey to the bigger predators alive back then, like Postosuchus or Redondasaurus.

Coelophysis cast on display at the Mesalands Dinosaur Museum, in Tucumcari, New Mexico.  You can see the bones of what was originally believed to be a baby in the stomach cavity.

Coelophyisis is one of the few prehistoric dinosaurs that paleontologists can pretty much completely map out as far as its skeleton and growth is concerned.  This is because of a fossil site in New Mexico, called the Ghost Ranch Formation, which was discovered with literally hundreds of individual specimens of Coelophysis, including fully-grown adults down to small babies.  Nobody knows for certain why so many of these dinosaurs died at this location, but it is likely that the Ghost Ranch area used to be a river during the Triassic.  Animals, like Coelophysis would have come to the river bed to drink during the dry season, died from thirst, then their bodies would have been buried under mud to be fossilized when the water did come through.  Another possibility is that they all gathered to hunt a common food source, like spawning fish (which Coelophysis' long snout and neck could have been adaptations for) and were wiped out by a flash flood.

A team of paleontologists, lead by Dr. Daniel Barta, recently investigated how Coelophysis grew by making thin slices in Coelophysis bones and looking at ring-like patterns on the inside, each ring indicating a year of the animal's life. (much like the growth rings of a tree) They determined that not all individual Coelophysis grew at the same rate.  Some very large individuals turned out to actually be very young when they died, while other relatively small individuals were actually much older.  This implies that Coelophysis' growth was probably more based on how much an animal was eating, which is similar to how many modern reptiles grow today.  This may have been a helpful trait for animals that lived in harsh environments where food wasn't consistently available over time where animals with more consistent growing patterns might starve.

There is evidence that Coelophysis may have also lived on America's east coast of North America, including parts of my home state, New Jersey!  Although no bones were ever found there, we do have lots of theropod dinosaur tracks that are from the exact time that Coelophysis was alive, and match the size of its feet.  Because it cannot be proven 100% (no bones) that these dinosaurs were actually Coelophysis, however, they were given their own name, Grallator.  

Grallator (most likely Coelophysis) tracks that were unearthed in New Jersey.  These slabs are on display at the Rutgers Geology Museum in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Coelophysis is an important dinosaur, not only because scientists are able to study it so extensively, but also because it represents a turning point in dinosaur evolution.  Coelophysis lived during a time where many other kinds of reptiles, like the phytosaurs and most pseudosuchians, were about to go extinct, but dinosaurs were not.  Coelophysis' lineage would later flourish even more and radiate into the many theropod dinosaurs everyone knows and loves and eventually the birds, which are still successful today!  

That is all for this week!  As always feel free to comment below or on our facebook page.

References

Barta, D.E., Griffin, C.T. & Norell, M.A. Osteohistology of a Triassic dinosaur population reveals highly variable growth trajectories typified early dinosaur ontogeny. Sci Rep 12, 17321 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22216-x

Gay, R.J. (2002). "The myth of cannibalism in Coelophysis bauri". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 57A.

Nesbitt, S. J.; Turner, A. H; Erickson, G. M; Norell, M. A (2006). "Prey choice and cannibalistic behaviour in the theropod Coelophysis". Biology Letters. 22 2 (4): 611–614. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0524. PMC 1834007. PMID 17148302.

Rinehart, L.F.; Lucas, S.G.; Heckert, A.B.; Spielmann, J.A. & Celesky, M.D. (2009). "The paleobiology of Coelophysis bauri (Cope) from the Upper Triassic (Apachean) Whitaker quarry, New Mexico, with detailed analysis of a single quarry block". New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science, a division of the Department of Cultural Affairs Bulletin 45: 260.

Schwartz, Hilde L.; Gillette, David D. (1994). "Geology and taphonomy of the Coelophysis quarry, Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Ghost Ranch, New Mexico". Journal of Paleontology 68 (5): 1118–1130. JSTOR 1306181.

Balaenognathus: Beast of the Week

This week we'll be checking out a very unusual little pterosaur, Balaenognathus maeuseri! 

Balaenognathus was a pterosaur that lived in what is now Germany during the late Jurassic period, between 157 and 145 million years ago.  It was relatively small for a pterosaur, with a wingspan of a little under 4 feet (1.17 meters) from wingtip to wingtip. The genus name translates to "Bowhead whale jaw" after the modern Bowhead whale, one of many kinds of whale that sports structures called baleen in its mouth for filter-feeding on tiny animals.  When alive it is likely Balaenognathus fed on tiny animals in the water with the help of its specialized teeth.

Watercolor life reconstruction of Balaenognathus by Christopher DiPiazza.

Balaenognathus' most distinctive feature is its face, with a long, thin snout that curved slightly upwards toward the tip then flared out in an almost square shape at the very end.  The sides of both the upper and lower jaws were lined with hundreds of extremely thin teeth that were also hooked at the ends.  This appears to be an adaptation for capturing tiny creatures out of the water, much like the baleen of many modern whales.  Many birds, like flamingos and some ducks and geese, also sport structures similar to this in their mouths for filtering food from the water, but not to the extent that Balaenognathus had.  Even stranger is that Balaenognathus had a bony keel that extended from the roof of its mouth downward, which would have prevented it from closing its mouth completely.  This could also have something to do with a filter-feeding lifestyle, since the tips of the teeth could still overlap despite this feature.  

Flamingos and baleen whales, like the Bowhead whale, both independently evolved structures in their mouths to filter tiny animals for food.  Ctenochasmatids, like Balaenognathus, also independently evolved a similar feature for a similar feeding strategy.

Balaenognathus was a member of the family of pterosaurs, called ctenochasmatids, which are characterized by having relatively long necks and long skulls, lined with teeth.  Many members of this group appear to have had unique teeth for filter feeding on small prey in the water, which makes sense since all members of this group are mostly found in areas that would have had an abundance of water when they were alive.  What is interesting, however, is that no two members of this group have extremely similar kinds of filter-feeding teeth, implying they were eating similar prey in life, but probably were going about it in different ways with regards to their postures and movement.  Pterodaustro is an example of another kind of ctenochasmatid pterosaur that also sported baleen-like teeth, but in a different arrangement from Balaenognathus.

Photo of the fossilized skeleton of Baelenognathus.  Because of how complete and well-preserved it is, paleontologists were able to learn a lot about this unique pterosaur.

That's all for this week!  As always feel free to comment below or leave a request fora. future prehistoric beast to cover!

References

Martill, David M.; Frey, Eberhard; Tischlinger, Helmut; Mäuser, Matthias; Rivera-Sylva, Héctor E.; Vidovic, Steven U. (2023-01-21). "A new pterodactyloid pterosaur with a unique filter-feeding apparatus from the Late Jurassic of Germany". 

Regaliceratops: Beast of the Week

 This week we will be checking out a ceratopsian with unique and beautiful ornamentation.  Make way for Regaliceratops peterhewsi!

Regaliceratops was a ceratopsian dinosaur that lived in what is now Alberta, Canada, during the late Cretaceous period between 69 and 67 million years ago.  It is estimated to have measured about 16 feet (5 m) long and would have eaten plants when alive.  The genus name translates to "Regal Horned Face" because of the arrangement of horns around the edge of its frill resembles a crown.  The species name, peterhewsi, honors the geologist, Peter Hews, who initially discovered its remains.  Before it was officially named, Regaliceratops was casually nicknamed "Hellboy" by the paleontologists excavating and prepping its fossils because it was a particularly difficult job due to the unfavorable geology and intricate details of the skull they had to work around without damaging the specimen.  (not necessarily after the comic book character, Hellboy, even though the dinosaur and the character both have horns...which don't actually resemble each other anyway.)

Regaliceratops reconstruction in watercolor by Christopher DiPiazza.

Regaliceratops had a circular frill which was adorned with a row of flat, almond-shaped horns growing from its perimeter, including one in the middle, which is unusual since most ceratopsian frill ornamentation is paired on either side of the frill.  The center horn also is keeled down its midline, another unusual trait for ceratopsian ornamentation.  Regaliceratops had a relatively long horn growing from the top of its snout, and a small, narrow, forward-curving horns over its eyes.  As is the case with most ceratospians, experts think this elaborate headgear was connected to some kind of communication within the species, and possibly for combat within the species.  This doesn't mean a ceratopsian wouldn't have used its horns to defend itself against predators, but the drastic diversity from species to species over time in ceratopsian headgear suggests they were being selected for something more display-related.  If they were primarily for defense it would be more expected for them to be more similar to each other. (like ankylosaur armor or stegosaur tail spikes)

Skull of Regaliceratops on display at the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Alberta, Canada. Photo credit Sue Sabrowski.

 

Regaliceratops is considered part of the chasmosaurine line of ceratopsians, which typically had longer frills, longer brow horns, and shorter nose horns.  Regaliceratops mostly goes against this trend having a long nose horn and short brow horns with a relatively shorter frill.  Similarities in other parts of the skull, however, to chasmosaurines, especially Triceratops, confirms Regaliceratops was indeed most closely related to them.  

When alive, Regaliceratops would have shared its habitat with other dinosaurs, like the ankylosaur Anodontosaurus, fellow ceratopsian, Pachyrhinosaurus, and the small predator, Atrociraptor.  It also would have needed to look out for the largest known predator of the area, the tyrannosaurid, Albertosaurus. 

References

Brown, Caleb M.; Henderson, Donald M. (June 4, 2015). "A new horned dinosaur reveals convergent evolution in cranial ornamentation in Ceratopsidae". Current Biology. 25 (12): 1641–8.

B. Weishampel, David; M. Barrett, Paul; A. Coria, Rodolfo; Le Loeuff, Jean; Xing, Xu; Xijin, Zhao; Sahni, Ashok; P. Gomani, Elizabeth M.; R. Noto, Christopher (2004). "Dinosaur Distribution". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmolska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria 2nd edition. pp. 517–606.