Iguanodon: Prehistoric Animal of the Week

This week we will be looking at one of the most famous and well-studied dinosaurs of all time.  Let's make way for Iguanodon bernissartensis!

Iguanodon was a plant-eating dinosaur that lived in what is now Belgium, during the early Cretaceous period, about 125 million years ago.  Adults measured roughly thirty three feet long from beak to tail, and would have been comfortable walking on all fours or as bipeds.  Iguanodon belongs to the ornithopod group of dinosaurs, and was closely related to Tenontosaurus and Mantellisaurus.(which even used to be considered a kind of Iguanodon)  Iguanodon also has family ties with the later duck-billed hadrosaurs, like Parasaurolophus and Edmontosaurus.

Iguanodon bernissartensis life reconstruction by Christopher DiPiazza.

Iguanodon was one of the first ever dinosaurs to be recognized by science.  Humans had been discovering dinosaurs for thousands of years prior, of course, but Iguanodon, along with Megalosaurus, was one of the first to actually be called a "dinosaur".  This happened back in 1822 when scientist, Gideon Mantell and his wife, Marry Ann, discovered some very strange fossilized teeth, in England.  Upon closely examining these teeth, Dr. Mantell realized that they were very similar to the teeth of modern iguanas, which are mostly plant-eaters, and concluded that the fossil teeth he had found must have come from some sort of gigantic, plant-eating reptile.  A few years later, several large bones, including limbs, part of a tail, and some vertebrae were discovered which were determined to be from the same kind of animal.  The animal was named, Iguanodon, which translates to "Iguana Tooth", because of...the teeth...and the fact that they looked like iguana teeth.  

Iguanodon skeletal mount.

The first reconstructions of Iguanodon were based off of very little information, and were largely inspired by modern reptiles, mainly lizards and crocodiles.  Life-sized models of this version of Iguanodon, were erected, along with several other prehistoric creatures, in the gardens of the Crystal Palace, in England.  The palace, itself, has since burned down, but the statues in the garden are still standing, and can be visited still today.  It is a cool reminder of what our perception of dinosaurs used to be when we first started studying them.  

Iguanodon statues in the gardens of the Crystal Palace in England. Note how lizard-like they are and the fact that they have nose horns instead of thumb spikes.

Okay, ready for some confusing information?  Good.  That whole story about Iguanodon being discovered way back in the 1800s and being made into a beautiful statue...may not have been based on the dinosaur that we call Iguanodon today.  If you were paying attention, you may have noticed that that story took place in England, but I said that Iguanodon lived in what is now Belgium!  What's the deal?  You see, since those discoveries in the 1800s, many dinosaurs similar to those specimens have been found, and they were all named Iguanodon.  Pretty soon there were lots different species of large, plant-eating dinosaurs from all over Europe and even parts of the United States with the genus name, Iguanodon.  It wasn't until recently that these dinosaurs were re-evaluated and divided into different genus where necessary.  By the end of it, only one species remained standing with the official genus name, Iguanodon.  It was the most completely known, and it was from Belgium.  The original bones from England were likely from a different dinosaur, we know call Mantellisaurus.  (Which was very similar to the animal we now call Iguanodon, but not the same.)  Thanks, taxonomy!

Mantellisaurus life reconstruction by Christopher DiPiazza.  Note that the arms are much shorter than the legs.  Iguanodon had much longer arms proportionally.

Since the 1800s, many more specimens of Iguanodon and its close relatives have been discovered, giving us a more accurate depiction of what it would have looked like when alive.  We now know it would have had a beak in the front of its snout and could have easily walked on its hind legs if it wanted to.  The front limbs were long, about 75% the length of its hind legs, and each armed with five digits on the hands, the first of which, took the form of a broad spike-like claw.  This spike was originally incorrectly believed to be a nose horn, which can be seen on the Crystal Palace statues.  Scientists are still not completely sure as to what these claws were for, but they could have been for defense against predators, or possibly for fighting within the species for dominance.  The next three digits on the hand were broad and strong, and would have had claws similar to hooves on them.  These fingers were good for supporting the weight of the animal's body when walking on all fours, and were not very flexible.  The fifth, and last digit on each hand, jutted out to the side more and was flexible, possibly for manipulating food.  

skeletal mount of an Iguanodon hand.

Iguanodon would have had stiff tendons running down its back and tail, which would have made its spine rigid.  It would not have been able to run very fast on its hind legs, and would have been reduced to little more than a power-walk when on all fours. (despite what a certain Disney movie might have you believe)  

There is no real evidence that would suggest Iguanodon would have lived in groups when alive, unlike its later cousins, the hadrosaurs.  At one time, fossil sites yielding multiple Iguanodon skeletons caused some people to think they could have been social, but it was later discovered that those skeletons, despite being in the same area, were from animals that each died years apart from one another.  They most likely had each washed down a river and ended up at the bottom of the same lake.

That is all for this week!  As always feel free to comment below or on our facebook page!

References

Carpenter, K.; Ishida, Y. (2010). "Early and "Middle" Cretaceous Iguanodonts in Time and Space" (PDF). Journal of Iberian Geology 36(2): 145–164.

Naish, Darren; Martill, David M. (2001). "Ornithopod dinosaurs".Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight. London: The Palaeontological Association. pp. 60–132. ISBN 0-901702-72-2.

Norman, David B. (2004). "Basal Iguanodontia". In Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 413–437.

Paul, Gregory S. (2008). "A revised taxonomy of the iguanodont dinosaur genera and species". Cretaceous Research 29 (2): 192–216.

Sues, Hans-Dieter (1997). "European Dinosaur Hunters". In James Orville Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman (eds.). The Complete Dinosaur. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 14.

Cryolophosaurus: Prehistoric Animal of the Week

Here in New Jersey we are going through a bitter cold week.  When I walk outside, the air hurts my face.  The air shouldn't be hurting my face.  This week we will be looking at a dinosaur which was discovered in one of the coldest places on earth, enter Cryolophosaurus ellioti.

Cryolophosaurus lived in what is now Antarctica during the early Jurassic Period, between 194 and 188 million years ago.  It measured about twenty one feet long from snout to tail and ate meat.  When alive, Cryolophosaurus was likely the largest predator in its environment.  

Cryolophosaurus ellioti feeding on a young prosauropod, Glacialisaurus.  The bones of Glacialisaurus were found in the same area as those of Cryolophosaurus.  Restoration by Christopher DiPiazza.

One of the things that makes Cryolophosaurus interesting is its unique crest.  Lots of theropods had crests, but almost all of these run parallel to the dinosaur's skull.  Cryolophosaurus was the only known theropod with a crest that runs perpendicular to the rest of the skull, resembling a sort of hairdo.  Lots of people say it looks like it has a pompadour, like women wore in the 18th century.  I think it looks more like Miley Cyrus last year. (You can even hear her pretending to be a Cryolophosaurus in this short video!)  The genus name, Cryolophosaurus, translates to "Ice Crested Lizard-Reptile" in reference to this crest, and to where its bones were discovered...which has lots of ice from what I hear.

Skeletal mount of Cryolophosaurus on display in a Museum in Japan.  Most of the skeleton is based on guesswork, including most of the snout.  This model has a very deep snout, likely inspired by Allosaurus.  Cryolophosaurus may not have looked like that, however.

The biggest misconception about this dinosaur comes from the fact that it was discovered in Antarctica.  Because of this you can find scores of life restorations of it on the internet completely covered in thick feathers to keep warm as it trudges across a wasteland of ice and snow.  The thing that some people forget is that the land mass we now call Antarctica was a lot closer to the equator during the early Jurassic so the environment Cryolophosaurus was living in was significantly warmer than it is today.  In fact, thanks to many plant fossils that were also unearthed from the same rock formations, we know Cryolophosaurus' world was mostly forest and likely was not that cold.  During certain parts of the year it did become chilly, sure, but not nearly as frigid as Antarctica is today.  Also remember that during the early Jurassic, Antarctica was attached to Australia, India, Africa and South America, in a giant supercontinent, called Gondwana.  So even when it did become colder, there was nothing stopping dinosaurs like Cryolophosaurus from migrating north where it was warmer.  There is no evidence suggesting this, but there is a lot we don't know about Cryolophosaurus in general.  We can, however, deduct that it wasn't likely a dinosaur specially adapted for a frigid ice world.

This is a photo of the skull material of Cryolophosaurus that was actually found.  As you can see, most of the snout is missing so the exact shape of this dinosaur's head is a mystery for now.

There is debate as to where exactly Cryolophosaurus lands on the theropod family tree.  At first it was believed to be some sort of early ceratosaur, closely related to Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus.  Ceratosaurs were very successful during the Triassic and Jurassic, and it did sport a crest, like many ceratosaurs did.  Later, upon closer inspections of the few bones paleontologists had to work with, Cryolophosaurus was then thought to be a very early member of the more advanced group of theropods, called tetanurans.  Tetanurans include all theropods beyond the ceratosaurs, basically.  This includes many famous dinosaurs like Megalosaurus, Spinosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor, Sturthiomimus, Therizinosaurus, all modern birds...and all the dinosaurs in between them.   Cryolophosaurus would have been the earliest known member of this group of dinosaurs.  If more material is discovered and studied, however, views on Cryolophosaurus' identity may change again.

That is all for this week!  As always feel free to comment below or on our facebook page!

References

Chandler, M.A.; Rind, D.; Ruedy, R. (1992). "Pangaean climate during the Early Jurassic: GCM simulations and the sedimentary record of paleoclimate". Geological Society of America Bulletin 104 (5): 543–559. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0543:PCDTEJ>2.3.CO;2.

Hammer, W. R.; Hickerson, W. J. (1994). "A Crested Theropod Dinosaur from Antarctica". Science 264 (5160): 828–830. doi:10.1126/science.264.5160.828. PMID 17794724

Smith, N.D.; Makovicky, P.J.; Hammer, W.R.; Currie, P.J. (2007). "Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (2): 377–421. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00325.x.

 Smith, N. D.; Makovicky, P.J.; Pol, D.; Hammer, W.R.; Currie, P.J. (2007). "The Dinosaurs of the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of the Central Transantarctic Mountains: Phylogenetic Review and Synthesis". US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007 (1047srp003). doi:10.3133/of2007-1047.srp003.