Interview with Paleontologist: Dave Hone

Dr. Dave Hone is a palaeontologist, currently based at Queen Mary, University of London. As a  researcher he specialises on pterosaurs and theropod dinosaurs and in particular on their ecology and behaviour. He has worked in China and Germany and made research trips across the world investigating fossils. He is also a strong advocate of outreach and science communication and especially online with a major collection of websites and blogs to his credit including Ask A Biologist, The Archosaur Musings, The Lost Worlds, and Pterosaur.net.

Question 1: Who did you admire growing up?
   
DH: I can’t easily think of anyone I found especially admirable, though there were people I found inspiring and wanted to be able to do similar things to them. David Attenborough is a cliché in this regard, but I devoured every natural history program I could as a child, and obviously he featured in many and I learned a great deal from them. The other obvious candidate is Gerald Durrell, occasionally on TV, he is better know for his books, but anyone who spent his life working with animals and managed to start his own zoo, and run one of the first great conservation efforts is extremely worthy. The whole ‘having your own zoo’ thing appealed especially.

Question 2: At what age did you get inspired to pursue a career in paleontology?

DH: When I was offered a PhD in the subject, so about 23. I’d always been interested in all animals, but generally preferred the living over the extinct, but I had done bits of palaeontological work before then. However, I was never really into palaeo that much – I liked it just fine and found it interesting, but there was nothing there like many of my colleagues and friends who had always wanted to do it. I just wanted to do something with animals and a palaeo PhD came up first, so I went for it. I’d applied for all sorts of others too in fish biology and bird behaviour and so on and if those had gone through, I’m not sure I’d have ever ended up here. But then there is quite a bit of that in academia I think, people just get or just miss out on certain opportunities and it all cascades from there and your path can go very, very differently to how you expected.

Question 3: I know you have a very diverse professional background within the science world, having worked not only in the field of paleontology but also with extant organisms at zoos and museums.  Do you have a favorite?  What do you like or even dislike about each field?

DH: Well each has its benefits and drawbacks. I loved working at London Zoo: daily contact with amazing animals and getting to learn about them as individuals and as a species is wonderful, but then there is literally no feeling like walking into the NHM in London to work – it really is iconic, beautiful and just fantastic. Both have the obvious downsides (major hours, very exhausting, can be very repetitive) and major upsides (cool animals / specimens, great colleagues). It really depends on what you find more interesting or appealing. In terms of research, I probably just prefer living things, though I suspect that may be because I do so much on dinosaurs and pterosaurs, it makes it nicer to take a break and delve into something a bit different, even if that generally is a topic that links back to my main research (like giraffe necks, bird soaring etc.).

Dark Wing Rhamphorhynhcus

Question 4: What was your favorite dinosaur growing up?  What dinosaur is your favorite now?

DH: When I was young it was probably Triceratops, it just looked really cool with the huge head and horns, and of course there was a massive one right in the entrance of the Natural History Museum so I saw it every time I visited, which was often. These days it’s hard to say, I’ve got a soft spot for certain specimens I’ve worked on (the Linheraptor holotype, the Dark Wing Rhamphorhycnhus) and certain groups I find especially interesting (anurognathids, alvarezsaurs and spinosaurs in particular) but there’s no real favourite species. That said I do get asked this a lot when I do school visits and my stock answer is Amargasaurus. Even though I don’t really do sauropods and have never seen a specimen or even a cast of any of it, (I’m not even sure I’ve read the original paper now I think about it) I love the fact that it’s a small sauropod with a short neck, and then the crazy spines give it a wonderful look. While I’m sure this’ll annoy the SV-POW boys, to me sauropods are generally pretty conservative overall in outward appearance, and this is a wonderful bucking of that trend.

Linheraptor cast

Question 5: Paleontology is such a diverse field these days involving many disciplines.  What advice would you give to an aspiring paleontologist today?

DH: It’s so hard as what works for one person (or has worked) may not work for another – either in terms of actual achievement or being appropriate for how that person best works, or wants to work. The one thing I can always say is: work hard, and respect other people (no matter how wrong you think they are, or they actually are). That alone should win you some colleagues (and avoid alienating others) and make you better, and that will always be a good start. I should also add that if you are not really devoted and very enthusiastic and fundamentally enjoy research then you will not get far. If you love it, then you’re going to persevere when things get tough (and they will) and if not, you are only going to fall by the wayside pretty quickly.

Question 6: Going to college these days and then on to grad school has become a daunting task.  Many people are unaware of how long it takes to make it to the finish line.  The rewards are great, but what would you say to someone pursuing professional studies after college?

DH: Well the first thing to say is the rewards are great if you make it, and most people don’t. I’ve seen a huge number of very talented and dedicated young researchers quit, or be forced out (debts, family commitments etc.), or put under huge pressures because of the simple lack of jobs, and the stress that comes with such a competitive model and massive workload. I don’t have a permanent position and have been globetrotting just to keep employed (Germany, Ireland, China) and all that comes with it (moving all your things across continents, constant house moves, no fixed address, endless job applications and interviews, etc.) will all the time trying to maintain a research output. For every ten people who want to do a PhD, there’s maybe one position, for every ten with a PhD there’s maybe one postdoc position going and for every half dozen of them there might be one academic position. While quite a few take different research paths or move into different things, it doesn’t stop it being very competitive at each stage. You are genuinely going up against odds of tens and even hundreds to one. Now obviously if you are in the top 1%, you are much more likely to be OK, but it really is like that and don’t be fooled into thinking otherwise. There are of course other career progressions that researcher at a university / museum, but if that is your only / major aim, you have been warned.  

Question 7: What was or is your favorite research project?  What are some of your current projects?

DH: I was delighted to get out the Lethaia paper on mutual sexual selection. It was a big fight after a couple of referees at another journal gave it a very hard time, but in the end it sailed in and I think it’s a major, major piece. Our understanding of dinosaurs and pterosaurs (and plenty of other things in the fossil record) has for me been blighted by fundamental misunderstandings of sexual selection in the palaeontological literature and I really felt this paper helped bring it up to date – there’s lots of ideas that has been ruled out incorrectly and we need to reassess some things like frills in ceratopsians in the light of mutual sexual selection. Similarly, I was very pleased with the pterosaur wingshape piece – again lots had been said or suggested about their flight, but without tackling the fundamental shape of the wing which is going to influence absolutely everything else. Finally, I think the MicroraptorUV paper was very important for our understanding of fossil birds and dinosaurs. As with the pterosaurs, lots is being said about wing shape and tail shape and structure, but to do that, you have to know whether or not the feathers are in a natural articulation, and we were able to show that they were even when they didn’t appear to be.

In terms of current research I have plenty on the boil that’ll be of interest. Obviously there’s the “Project Daspletosaurus” stuff still ongoing, following my trip to Canada earlier this year and another piece on a Rhamphorhynchus specimen that was in the Tyrrell collections that will hopefully follow. I’ve got a paper in press on giant hadrosaurs and an important one that’s due out in JVP at some point which is a major review of the Jurassic Daohugou beds in China. There’s also something on super-pneumatic pterosaurs (pneumatic ribs!) and some other things are in review or provisionally accepted.

The big one to come is a special issue of Journal of Zoology that I am editing on behaviour and ecology in the fossil record. Only the first two manuscripts have come in and have yet to be even sent out for review etc. but this should be appearing early in 2014 and should be a nice compendium of material for people interested in this area. It’ll be a mix of specific reviews of key areas / taxa and some research papers on specific aspects. Although I tried to make it as general as possible it has ended up looking a little dinosaur-heavy though of course that probably won’t upset any readers here.

Question 8: Jurassic Park and Land Before Time (opposite ends of the spectrum I know) were the movies I remember as a kid that fueled my passion for dinosaurs.  What was your most memorable movie, book or TV program that inspired you with regards to paleontology?

DH: Well as I said above, I wasn’t that into dinosaurs as a kid (well no more than I was into carnivorans or cephalopods or spiders) so there’s nothing that really pushed me to dinosaurs and away from anything else. That said I am a big film fan in general and in particular love animation, and so Ray Harryhausen’s stuff was simply enthralling and I loved anything he did, but of course One Million Years B.C. was a really big deal.

Question 9: I remember meeting my first professional paleontologist.  Do you remember the first paleontologist you ever met?  Were you a nervous wreck? 

DH: Again, not being into palaeo over anything else made this not much different for me than meeting other researchers. My first palaeo encounter was with Jeremy Rayner while I was at Bristol. Not a ‘proper’ palaeontologist, more a zoologist who dabbled (though he did a fair bit on pterosaurs and Archaeopteryx) and he taught a couple of course I did and was the supervisor of my undergraduate research project so there was nothing there to really intimidate me – I’d already met lots of other researchers and senior professors. The other obvious candidate was oddly enough Mike Benton (my PhD supervisor) who taught on an undergraduate course I took and anyone who has met Mike knows he is the antithesis of someone to be nervous around, he’s just a wonderfully laid backand friendly person. Even incoming undergrads call him ‘Mike’, it’s all very relaxed and easy.

Question 10: Dinosaurs and the animals that lived at the same time as them were amazing creatures.  Why do you feel they continue to fascinate us?

DH: My stock answer is that at their peak they were so large and so alien looking. If we lived alongside non-avian dinosaurs now and modern mammals lived tens of millions of years ago, we might find them equally interesting (why are there no 50 ton monsters, what the hell are bats and dolphins, what’s with the lack of giant bipedal carnivores and why the fur but no feathers?). Quite simply there is nothing else for size, scale and oddity like a brachiosaur, tyrannosaur, plesiosaur or azhdarchid and that is going to be appealing.

Question 11: What is your favorite time period?

DH: Well I only really work in the Mesozoic, and given how much I flit around or how broad my papers can be (i.e. looking at entire clades) I don’t have any particular focus like many people do (I’m not a tyrannosaur guy, or a Gondwana guy, or a Late Cretaceous guy). That said, given my work in Germany and China, the end Jurassic / Early Cretaceous sees the big transitions / radiations I’m most interested in (the derived theropods get going and the pterodactyloids get going, in terms of fossils at least) so that’s probably it.

Question 12: Is there anything else you would like to share about yourself?  What hobbies do you have (not necessarily paleo-related). 

DH: Sadly the constant moving of jobs means my typical live animal collection (small stuff like invertebrates and fish) is constantly being shut-down and restarted or being on hold so I’ve got literally dozens of aquaria and tanks and all the gubbins in storage waiting for the day I’m in one place for more than a year and I can set things up again. In the meantime I do a lot of zoo visits, this is something I’ve always loved, I just love seeing animals, but in the absence of my pets (assuming you can call whip scorpions and knife-fish pets) it’s something I spend more time on to get my fix, and the traveling means I’ve been to loads of places I would not have normally reached. Alternatively I try and just get out of the city and into the country with the same general aim: seeing some wildlife and being in something of the wilds. My downtime is pretty limited given the time put into the job, and then the time on all the various blogs and outreach projects does leave it short, so it tends to be things like grabbing a film or a break for a day or two. Even socialising can be very work-orientated as I do hang around with colleagues quite a bit and it’s hard not to end up talking shop. Short of a few days snatched between projects or at the end of research trips I think my last proper holiday (like a week) was in 2006 when I first went to China, but that might have well been just 5 days now I think back. It goes back to two general issues mentioned above – this is the kind of workload you have in this game, and of course the enthusiasm that’s required. Yeah, it’s a ton, but since I like doing research it’s mostly not that bad, or at least there’s a nice pay off to it. 

Thank you Dr. Hone!  Stay tuned for a new Prehistoric Dinosaur of the week and a recap of Gary and I's trip to New Mexico!  

Torvosaurus: Prehistoric Animal of the Week

Today's creature was inspired to do by Gary and I's recent trip over to New Mexico working with the Mesalands Dinosaur Museum.  In there they have a beautiful skeletal mount of the huge late Jurassic predatory dinosaur, Torvosaurus tanneri! 

Torvosaurus lived about 150 million years ago during the Late Jurassic and its bones have been unearthed in Western United states and in Portugal (Europe and North America weren't separated by an ocean back then, remember).  From head to tail it measured about thirty six feet and would have been amongst the largest, most formidable meat eaters of its time (rivaled only by Saurophaganax).

Life reconstruction of Torvosaurus by Christopher DiPiazza

Looks wise, Torvosaurus is a bit difficult to place at first.  Its head somewhat resembles that of a Tyrannosaurid but it has three powerful claws on its hands instead of two.  In fact, after detailed examining of its skeletal anatomy, Torvosaurus was placed in a family called Megalosauridae, and is most closely related to the also more famous, Megalosaurus.

Torvosaurus Skeletal mount on display at the Mesalands Dinosaur Museum in New Mexico.

One of the places that Torvosaurus once called home is now referred to as the Morrison Formation in the western United States.  This is an area where a huge amount and variety of fossils from the late Jurassic have been uncovered.  Many famous dinosaurs lived here including the long-necked sauropods, Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus and Camarasaurus, other plant eaters like Stegosaurus, Camptosaurus and Dryosaurus and predators like Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Ornitholestes and of course, Torvosaurus.  Out of all of the meat eaters, Torvosaurus is the biggest.  Ironically it is also the least famous.  Don't get me wrong, I love Allosaurus, but why does it get so much attention and not the bigger, more powerful Torvosaurus?  Weird.

That's it for today.  Tune in on Thursday for when Gary and I start to share with you our trip to New Mexico.  We each found and helped prep a whole bunch of awesome fossils from the late Triassic!  As always feel free to comment below or on our facebook page.

References

Chure, Daniel J.; Litwin, Ron; Hasiotis, Stephen T.; Evanoff, Emmett; and Carpenter, Kenneth (2006). "The fauna and flora of the Morrison Formation: 2006". In Foster, John R.; and Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.). Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 233–248.

Mateus, O., Walen, A., and Antunes, M.T. (2006). "The large theropod fauna of the Lourinha Formation (Portugal) and its similarity to that of the Morrison Formation, with a description of a new species of Allosaurus." New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36.

 Mateus, O., & Antunes, M. T. (2000). Torvosaurus sp.(Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the late Jurassic of Portugal. In I Congresso Ibérico de Paleontologia/XVI Jornadas de la Sociedad Española de Paleontología (pp. 115-117).

Desmatosuchus: Prehistoric Animal of the Week

Greetings from New Mexico!  Gary and I arrived on Friday and have spent the last two days at the Mesalands Dinosaur Museum researching on some previous finds associated with the dig site we will be working on for the next five days.  I also saw plenty of cool desert wildlife including a whiptail lizard that I miserably failed to catch...more on that later.  Lets take a look at a prehistoric southwestern animal featured as a skeletal mount at the Mesalands Dinosaur Museum!

Desmatosuchus haploceras was a truly interesting animal.  At first glance most would think it is some sort of a dinosaur related to Ankylosaurus or Stegosaurus.  It certainly has a lot in common with them, check out that armor!  Despite this, Desmatosuchus and other animals in its order, the Aetosaurs, was not a dinosaur at all but a different kind of reptile that belongs to the same group as crocodiles!  In fact, its genus name translates to "Link Crocodile".  Desmatosuchus lived in what is now the Southwestern United States during the Triassic Period about 230 million years ago.  When alive it would have coexisted with its relative, Postosuchus, and the early dinosaur, Coelophysis.

Desmatosuchus haploceras life reconstruction by Christopher DiPiazza

Lets take a look at this animal piece by piece.  The head alone is really unique.  It had small, weak teath so it most likely was a plant eater but I wouldn't be surprised if it exploited other food sources like insects or carrion as well.  Its snout is upturned at the end sort of like a pig's snout so Desmatosuchus probably was adapted for uprooting food underground using its face like a shovel and possibly utilizing its strong forearms armed with long claws to dig. 

Bronze skeletal mount of Desmatosuchus on display at the Mesalands Dinosaur Museum in New Mexico...and some guy from Jersey. 

Desmatosuchus was equipped with bony armor plates covering its back and had long, curved spikes growing out of the tops of its shoulders, most likely to repel potential predators like Postocuchus.  It is because of the armor that many people mistake Aetosaurs like Desmatosuchus for Thyrophoran dinosaurs like ankylosaurs.  This is a perfect example of convergent evolution, where two unrelated animals that may even be separated by millions of years of time, have similar adaptations.  In this case it started with Aetosaurs, popped up again with dinosaurs and then happened a third time with mammals, the armadillos!

Check out that upturned snout!

As always feel free to comment below or on our facebook page.  For the next week it will be a bit difficult for us to post as we will be in the field most of the day and probably passed out from exhaustion the rest of the day but we will do the best we can!  Stay tuned! 

References

Parker, W.G. (2005). A new species of the Late Triassic aetosaur Desmatosuchus (Archosauria:Pseudosuchia). Compte Rendus Palevol 4(4): 327-340.

Parker, W.G. (2008). Description of new material of the aetosaur Desmatosuchus spurensis (Archosauria: Suchia) from the Chinle Formation of Arizona and a revision of the genus Desmatosuchus. PaleoBios 28(1): 1-40.

Parker, W.G. (2007). Reassessment of the aetosaur “Desmatosuchus” chamaensis with a reanalysis of the phylogeny of the Aetosauria (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5(1): 41-68.

Happy 4th of July from Jersey Boys Hunt Dinosaurs!

Gary and I are busy doing last minute packing for our trip to New Mexico tomorrow.  We will be there doing field work with Triassic fossils for about a week.  Because of this today's post is short...and pretty much devoid of any real substance but it IS 4th of July so I leave you with this awesome meme I found on the internet. 

True dat. Also if you are having a barbeque be sure to include the herbivores/vegetarians as well!

Farewell until next time, everybody!  Hopefully I will be able to give you a prehistoric animal of the week from New Mexico on Sunday! 

Anchiornis: Prehistoric Animal of the Week

Anchiornis huxleyi was a small, feathered dinosaur that lived in what is now China during the Jurassic period a little over 160 million years ago.  It's genus name translates to "Near Bird" in reference to its striking similarity to birds.  Its species name honors Thomas Henry Huxley who was one of the first scientists to propose birds and (other)dinosaurs were related.

Life reconstruction of Anchiornis huxleyi by Christopher DiPiazza

Anchiornis was tiny.  In fact, it may be the smallest non-avian dinosaur known to date.  From head to tail it was only about a foot long, roughly the same size as a pigeon.  It probably ate small animals like lizards and insects when alive but I wouldn't be surprised if it ate some plant material as well.  Anchiornis would have co-existed with its close relative, Eosinopteryx. 

Fossil of Anchiornis complete with feathers

 Like birds, thanks some beautifully preserved fossils, we know that Anchiornis was fully feathered.  And by fully feathered I mean it was fully feathered.  In fact, Anchiornis had more plumage on its body than most modern birds do!  In addition to all the regular body parts one would expect to find feathers on an animal such as this, Anchiornis also had feathers covering most of its face, long, primary feathers running all down each of its legs and it even had small feathers covering its feet and toes.  As strange as this sounds, its actually not unheard of in the modern bird world either.  Owls, for instance, have light, wispy feathers on their toes growing out from between their scales.  Certain breeds of domestic chicken and dove also have primary feathers on their legs and feet.  What Anchiornis used its interesting plumage for is uncertain.  The feathers themselves weren't the right shape for flying, despite having so many.  Because they were all down its legs and feet, running on the ground would have also been a huge hassle for this dinosaur.  It is likely that Anchiornis was mostly arboreal and possibly was able to glide or parachute short distances when it had to.

Cochin Chicken

Foot of a Eurasian Eagle Owl

Anchiornis is one of the few dinosaurs in which the feathers have preserved so nicely, that paleontologists can look at them under a microscope and actually tell what color they probably were in life (which I have written all about before on here).  They can do this thanks to the fact that tiny cells, called melanosomes, preserved.  The shape of the cells reflects the color of the structure that they are on.  All the scientists had to do was look at the shapes of the melanosomes on Anchiornis and then find a match to melanosomes on modern birds.  What they found out was that Anchiornis would have been mostly a dark gray/black on most of its body, had white wing and leg feathers with black tips and had a reddish brown crest and flecks on its head.  Keep in mind the real colors of this animal when alive may not be exactly this since there could have been other cells that have since rotted away over the past 160 million years that when added to the ones that were observed could have given off a different pigment in life.  For now, however, this is our most likely image of the animal. 

That's all for this week!  Not sure if I will be able to get a post up Thursday because I will likely be packing for Gary and I's big trip to New Mexico to take part in an excavation of Triassic dinosaur fossils!  We will be sure to keep you posted though.  As always feel free to comment below or on our facebook page.

References

Hu, D; Hou, L.; Zhang, L. & Xu, X. (2009). "A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus". Nature 461 (7264): 640–643.

Li, Q.; Gao, K.-Q.; Vinther, J.; Shawkey, M.D.; Clarke, J.A.; D'Alba, L.; Meng, Q.; Briggs, D.E.G. et al. (2010). "Plumage color patterns of an extinct dinosaur". Science 327 (5971): 1369–1372.

Xu, X.; Zhao, Q.; Norell, M.; Sullivan, C.; Hone, D.; Erickson, G.; Wang, X.; Han, F. et al. (2009). "A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin". Chinese Science Bulletin 54 (3): 430–435. 

Rough Sketches to Finished Paintings: Part 2

Everyone seemed to really like the post showcasing some of the early drafts of my paintings I put up a few weeks ago so I decided to do another one.  Its a good thing I scan these things as I go along sometimes!

This sketch was actually done a few years ago but wasn't used for an actual painting until last month.  I originally wanted to do a painting of a Pachycephalosaurus and was playing around with some poses.  This is one sketch I made that I particularly liked but ultimately ended up ditching.

A few years later I wanted to do the newly discovered Acrotholus for a Prehistoric Animal of the Week and finally used this old sketch's pose.  The result was pretty nice I think.  I think Pachycephalosaurids are particularly interesting when viewed facing the viewer.  Its something about the unusual shape of their heads and how the dome makes a sort of roof over the eyes.

Next is a sketch of the large pterosaur, Ornithocheirus for another Prehistoric Animal of the Week.  Paleontologist, Mark Witton, was kind enough to serve as a source of professional input for me as I was making it.  Here is the initial sketch I showed him.

Awesomely, he said it was mostly good!  Just two things looked off.  1) the individual on the left's wing membrane was incorrectly folded.  It should hug the frame of the arm and finger more.  2) The flying individual on the right's body was too large (Ornithocheirus and its relatives had proportionally tiny bodies).  So then I showed him this with the modifications.

That's better!  Then I went on to add the paint and ultimately produced the painting below.  Some people mentioned to me that they weren't fans of the black color scheme for these guys.  I actually specifically wanted to do a large pterosaur in black for a while at that point and am pleased with how it came out regardless.  Its based on a living animal, actually.  Can you guess what it is?

I also did the spiky dinosaur, Kentrosaurus for a Prehistoric Animal of the Week.  Paleontologist, Heinrich Mallison, was helping me out with the accuracy of the drawing this time.  Here is the first sketch I showed him.

Not bad but there were a few changes that needed to be made.  The tail on the real animal would not have been able to twist in the way that I drew it and the last pair of spikes should be moved to the very tip of the tail.  Also he suggested moving the spikes on the shoulders to the hips.  It is unknown where those spikes attached on Kentrosaurus for certain since the bones were scattered when discovered.  One school of thought is on the shoulders, where they do indeed fit quite nicely but only if they are angled downwards which doesn't make much sense from a defensive standpoint since this animal's enemies would have been taller theropods attacking from above.  Despite this, Kentrosaurus is often reconstructed this way for some reason.   The other idea, which Dr. Mallison supports, is that those spikes were on the hips, facing behind the animal.  They fit there too and it makes more sense as a defensive weapon.  I didn't modify the sketch but instead made a whole new one.

Nice.  Now lets paint!

Last one.  Back in 2011 I decided that I really wanted to do a painting of a Triceratops baby and parent viewed close up.  This is the original idea from my sketchbook.

Here is the painting itself partially done.

And the final product.  This is one of my favorites that I have ever done.  It is also one of the few paintings that I actually sold the original of.  Since then I only sell or gift prints. 

That's all for this week!  As always feel free to comment below or on the facebook page! 

Camarasaurus: Prehistoric Animal of the Week

This week we are taking a look at probably the most well documented and studied sauropod dinosaur, Camarasaurus!  Camarasaurus was a long-necked, plant eating dinosaur that lived in what is now the western United States during the Late Jurassic Period, about 150 million years ago.  There are currently four different species within the genus Camarasaurus according to experts.  The largest species, Camarasaurus supremus, measured about sixty feet long.  The species that is most well documented with the highest number of specimens, Camarasaurus lentus, was a bit smaller at around fifty feet long.  There is a possibility that C. supremus is actually just a large individual of C. lentus, however.  The other two species, Camarasaurus grandis and Camarasaurus lewisi were both smaller at around forty five feet long.  Camarasaurus as a genus, believe it or not, is actually on the small side considering that some other kinds of sauropods (long-necked dinosaurs) were the largest land animals of all time.  When it was alive, Camarasaurus would have co-existed with many other famous dinosaurs such as Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Allosaurus and Stegosaurus.

Life restoration of Camarasaurus lentus by Christopher DiPiazza.

The name, Camarasaurus translates to "chambered reptile" because of the hollow spaces within its vertebrae.  This is a feature common to many dinosaurs which allows the animal to be large but not too heavy.  Some dinosaurs (the birds) even utilized this adaptation to fly.

Skeleton of a sub-adult Camarasaurus on display at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

Unlike some other sauropods, like Apatosaurus and Barosaurus, which had shorter front limbs than hind limbs, or Brachiosaurus which had longer front limbs than hind limbs, the front and back limbs of Camarasaurus were relatively equal in length.  Camarasaurus also had a much shorter snout than many other sauropods, giving its head a very distinctive boxy look.  Many Camarasaurus specimens have been discovered including some nearly complete skeletons.  There have even been multiple skeletons including adults and juveniles discovered in close proximity to each other which suggests that these dinosaurs probably lived in groups.

Join us next week for another prehistoric creature!  As always you are welcome to contact me in the comments below or on our facebook page to suggest a specific animal of your choosing!

References

Cope, E. D., 1877a, On a gigantic saurian from the Dakota eopoc of Colorado: Palaeontological Bulletin, n. 25, p. 5-10.

Foster, J. (2007). Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press.

McIntosh, J. S., Miller, W. E., Stadtman, K. L., and Gillette, D. G., 1995, The Osteology of Camarasaurus lewisi (Jensen, 1988): Brigham Young University, v. 41, p. 73-116.

McIntosh, J. S., Miles, C. A., Cloward, K. C., and Parker, J. R., 1996, A New Nearly Complete Skeleton of Camarasaurus: Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History, n. 1, p. 1-87.